Genetically Modified Food. Research Paper. There has been consistent controversy regarding the safety and labeling of genetically modified foods (GMF) over the past few years. But the corporations that are creating the GMF and growing the food continue with production and there seems no Apr 23, · Research Paper on GMOs. By Raymond Wu in Papers on December 10, The Controversy of Genetically Modified Foods on Human Health. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are creatures in which their genetic make-up has been altered through genetic engineering or biotechnology in hopes of either obtaining favorable traits, eliminating unfavorable traits, or simply The labeling of genetically modified (GM) food is an extremely contentious issue. The way the law deals with it is of the utmost importance for future research and public acceptance. In this paper I will argue that the benefits of biotechnology outweigh the risks, and that the FoodFile Size: KB
Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns—a review
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Genetic modification is a special set of gene technology that alters the genetic machinery of such living organisms as animals, plants or microorganisms. The research paper on gm food transgenic crops grown commercially in field are herbicide and insecticide resistant soybeans, corn, cotton and canola.
There are bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, fish that mature more quickly, fruit and nut trees that yield years earlier and plants that produce new plastics with unique properties. Technologies for genetically modifying foods offer dramatic promise for meeting some areas of greatest challenge for the 21st century. Like all new technologies, they also pose some risks, research paper on gm food, both known and unknown.
Controversies and public concern surrounding GM foods research paper on gm food crops commonly focus on human and environmental safety, labelling and consumer choice, research paper on gm food, intellectual property rights, ethics, food security, poverty reduction and environmental conservation.
and is recombinant technology really beneficial? This review will also address some major concerns about the safety, environmental and ecological risks and health hazards involved with GM foods and recombinant technology. Scientists first discovered in that DNA can be transferred between organisms Clive It is now known that there are several mechanisms for DNA transfer and that these occur in nature on a large scale, for example, it is a major mechanism for antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria.
The first genetically modified GM plant was produced in research paper on gm food, using an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. China was the first country to commercialize a transgenic crop in the early s with the introduction of virus resistant tobacco.
The modification allowed the tomato to delay ripening after picking. Infew transgenic crops received marketing approval. A total of 35 approvals had been granted to commercially grow 8 transgenic crops and one flower crop of carnations with 8 different traits in 6 countries plus the EU till Clive As ofthe USA leads a list of multiple countries in the research paper on gm food of GM crops.
Currently, there are a number of food species in which a genetically modified version exists Johnson Some of the foods that are available in the market include cotton, soybean, canola, potatoes, eggplant, strawberries, corn, tomatoes, lettuce, cantaloupe, carrots etc.
GM products which are currently in the pipeline include medicines and vaccines, foods and food ingredients, feeds and fibres. Locating genes for important traits, research paper on gm food, such as those conferring insect resistance or desired nutrients-is one of the most limiting steps in the process. At present there are several GM crops used as food sources.
As of now there are no GM animals approved for use as food, but a GM salmon has been proposed for FDA approval. In instances, the product is directly consumed as food, but in most of the cases, research paper on gm food, crops that have been genetically modified are sold as commodities, which are further processed into food ingredients.
Papaya has research paper on gm food developed by genetic engineering which is ring spot virus resistant and thus enhancing the productivity. Its single-handed savior was a breed engineered to be resistant to the virus. This was brought to market by Monsanto in the late s, developed for the fast food market. This was forced to withdraw from the market in as the fast food retailers did not pick it up and thereby the food processors ran into export problems.
Reports say that currently no transgenic potatoes are marketed for the purpose of human consumption. This Research paper on gm food potato was made resistant to late blight by adding two resistance genes, blb1 and blb2, which was originated from the Mexican wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum. It is reported that there is no or a significantly small amount of protein or DNA remaining in vegetable oil extracted from the original GM crops in USA.
Vegetable oil is sold to consumers as cooking oil, margarine and shortening, and is used in prepared foods. Vegetable oil is made of triglycerides extracted from plants or seeds and then refined, and may be further processed via hydrogenation to turn liquid oils into solids.
The refining process removes nearly all non-triglyceride ingredients Crevel et al. Cooking oil, margarine and shortening may also be made from several crops.
A large percentage of Canola produced in USA is GM and is mainly used to produce vegetable oil. Canola oil is the third most widely consumed vegetable oil in the world. The genetic modifications are made for providing resistance to herbicides viz. glyphosate or glufosinate and also for improving the oil composition.
Canola oil is a key ingredient in many foods and is sold directly to consumers as margarine or cooking oil. The oil has many non-food uses, which includes making lipsticks.
Maize, also called corn in the USA and cornmeal, which is ground and dried maize constitute a staple food in many regions of the world. A good amount of the total maize harvested go for livestock feed including the distillers grains.
The remaining has been used for ethanol and high fructose corn syrup production, export, and also used for other sweeteners, cornstarch, alcohol, human food or drink. Corn oil is sold directly as cooking oil and to make shortening and margarine, in addition to make vitamin carriers, as a source of lecithin, as an ingredient in prepared foods like mayonnaise, sauces and soups, and also to fry potato chips and French fries. Cottonseed oil is used as a salad and cooking oil, research paper on gm food, both domestically and industrially.
Out of the domestically grown sugar crops, half of the extracted sugar is derived from sugar beet, and the other half is from sugarcane. After deregulation inresearch paper on gm food, glyphosate-resistant sugar beet was extensively adopted in the USA.
Sugar beets that are herbicide-tolerant have been approved in Australia, Canada, Colombia, EU, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Philippines, Russian Federation, Singapore and USA. The food products of sugar beets are refined sugar and molasses. Pulp remaining from the refining process is used as animal feed. The sugar produced from GM sugar beets is highly refined and contains no DNA or protein—it is just sucrose, the same as sugar produced from non-GM sugar beets Joana et al.
Testing on GMOs in food and feed is routinely done using molecular techniques like DNA microarrays or qPCR. These tests are based on screening genetic elements like p35S, tNos, pat, or bar or event specific markers for the official GMOs like Mon, research paper on gm food, Bt11, or GT The array based method combines multiplex PCR and array technology to screen samples for different potential GMO combining different approaches viz.
screening elements, plant-specific markers, and event-specific markers. The qPCR is used to detect specific GMO events by usage of specific primers for screening elements or event specific markers.
Controls are necessary to avoid false positive or false negative results. For example, a test for CaMV is used to avoid a false positive in the event of a virus contaminated sample. Joana et al. The amplification of soybean lectin gene by end-point polymerase chain reaction PCR was achieved in all the steps of extraction and refining processes. The amplification of RR soybean by PCR assays using event specific primers was also achieved for all the extraction and refining steps.
This excluded the intermediate steps of refining viz. neutralization, washing and bleaching possibly due to sample instability. The real-time PCR assays using specific probes confirmed all the results and proved that it is possible to detect and quantify GMOs in the fully refined soybean oil.
Figure 1 gives the overall protocol for the testing of GMOs. This is based on a PCR detection system specific for 35S promoter region originating from cauliflower mosaic virus Deisingh and Badrie The 35S-PCR technique permits detection of GMO contents of foods and raw materials in the range of 0. The development of quantitative detection systems such as quantitative competitive PCR QC-PCRreal-time PCR and ELISA systems resulted in the advantage of survival of Research paper on gm food in most manufacturing processes.
Otherwise with ELISA, there can be protein denaturing during food processing. Inter-laboratory differences were found to be less with the QC-PCR than with quantitative PCR probably due to insufficient homogenisation of the sample. However, there are disadvantages, the major one being the amount of DNA, which could be amplified, is affected by food processing techniques and can vary up to 5-fold. Thus, results need to be normalised by using plant-specific QC-PCR system.
Further, DNA, which cannot be amplified, will affect all quantitative PCR detection systems. In a recent work La Mura et al. They reported that the quantification of GM in samples can be performed without the need for certified reference materials using QUIZ. Results showed good agreement between derived values and known input of GM material and compare favourably with quantitative real-time PCR.
Detection of Roundup Ready soybean by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral-flow dipstick has been reported recently Xiumin et al. Before we think of having GM foods it is very important to know about is advantages and disadvantages especially with respect to its safety. These foods are made by inserting genes of other species into their DNA. Though this kind of genetic modification is used both in plants and animals, it is found more commonly in the former than in the latter, research paper on gm food.
Experts are working on developing foods that have the ability to alleviate certain disorders and diseases. Though researchers and the manufacturers make sure that there are various advantages of consuming these foods, a fair bit of the population is entirely against them.
GM foods are useful in controlling the occurrence of certain diseases. By modifying the DNA system of these foods, the properties causing allergies are eliminated successfully. These foods grow faster than the foods that are grown traditionally. Probably because of this, the increased productivity provides the population with more food.
Moreover these foods are a boon in places which experience frequent droughts, or where the soil is incompetent for agriculture. At times, genetically engineered food crops can be grown at places with unfavourable climatic conditions too. A normal crop can grow only in specific season research paper on gm food under some favourable climatic conditions.
Though the seeds for such foods are quite expensive, their cost of production is reported to be less than that of the traditional crops due to the natural resistance towards pests and insects. This reduces the necessity of exposing GM crops to harmful pesticides and insecticides, making these foods free from chemicals and environment friendly as well. Genetically engineered foods are reported to be high in nutrients and contain more minerals and vitamins than those found in traditionally grown foods.
Other than this, these foods are known to taste better. Another reason for people opting for genetically engineered foods is that they have an increased shelf life and hence there is less fear of foods getting spoiled quickly. The biggest threat caused by GM foods is that they can have harmful effects on the human body.
It is believed that consumption of these genetically engineered foods can cause the development of research paper on gm food which are immune to antibiotics. Besides, as these foods are new inventions, not much is known about their long term effects on human beings.
GM Crops - Genetics - Biology - FuseSchool
, time: 4:30Research Paper on GMOs – Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
of what a genetically modified food is and how it affects human beings. This review paper includes various controversies regarding genetically modified food, positive and negative impacts of GM food towards mankind and environment, consumer attitudes to genetically modified food and its future prospects. exposed that food produced by It was Genetically Modified Food. Research Paper. There has been consistent controversy regarding the safety and labeling of genetically modified foods (GMF) over the past few years. But the corporations that are creating the GMF and growing the food continue with production and there seems no Apr 23, · Research Paper on GMOs. By Raymond Wu in Papers on December 10, The Controversy of Genetically Modified Foods on Human Health. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are creatures in which their genetic make-up has been altered through genetic engineering or biotechnology in hopes of either obtaining favorable traits, eliminating unfavorable traits, or simply
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