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How to Make a GMO - Science in the News
Summary: Genetically modified organisms GMOs are organisms that have been altered using genetic engineering methods. Although essay about gmo food engineering is a common and essential practice in biotechnology, its specific use in crops is controversial. The key steps involved in genetic engineering are identifying a trait of interest, isolating that trait, inserting that trait into a desired organism, and then propagating that organism.
Methods for genetic manipulation have rapidly improved over the last century from simple selective breeding, to inserting genes from one organism into another, to more recent methods of directly editing the genome. Images of abnormally large cows and tomatoes come to mind. However, the scientific community and the U. Food and Drug Administration FDA use a stricter definition for a GMO: an animal or plant that has been created through genetic engineering [1].
Under this definition GMOs do not include plants or animals made by selective breeding, or animals modified by being given hormone supplements or antibiotics. In fact, we do not currently eat any meat products considered to be GMOs, essay about gmo food, although farm animals may be fed a genetically modified crop [2].
No genetically engineered crops on the market in the United States have been modified to be unusually large Table 1. Genetic engineering is widely used in biological research. Mouse models are engineered for biomedical studies, bacteria are engineered to produce medications such as insulin, and crops are engineered for agriculture.
All of these essay about gmo food of genetic engineering were created using the same basic steps: identifying a trait of interest, isolating that genetic trait, inserting that trait into the genome of a desired organism, essay about gmo food, and then growing the engineered organism Figure 1.
These steps are explained in detail below, using examples from Monsanto as the details of their technologies are publicly available. Other major companies such as Syngenta, BASF, Dow, Bayer, and Du Pont use similar methods, as outlined in brief on their respective websites [3, 4, 5, 6, 7].
Essay about gmo food 1: Identify a trait of interest In order to identify a desirable new trait scientists most often look to nature. Successful discovery of a new genetic trait of interest is often a combination of critical thinking and luck. For example, if researchers are searching for a trait that would allow a crop to survive in a specific environment, they would look for organisms that naturally are able to survive in that specific environment.
Or if researchers are aiming to improve the nutritional content of a crop, they would screen a list of plants that they hypothesize produce a nutrient of interest. An example of a trait currently in GMOs that was identified through this combination of luck and critical thinking is tolerance to the herbicide Roundup see this article. Although it is not on the market in the United States, Syngenta has designed Golden Rice with an increased amount of pro-vitamin A, which the human body may turn into the vitamin A see this article.
Researchers at Syngenta identified the gene sequence that produces pro-vitamin A and compiled a list of plants to screen with that sequence [9]. With a little luck, there was a plant in nature, maize, that contained a gene that would make Golden Rice produce pro-vitamin A at a level that could meet the nutritional needs of vitamin A deficient communities. The genomes of plants with the trait are compared to genomes in the same species without the trait, with the goal of identifying genes present only in the former [8].
The genomes of different species with the same trait may also be compared in order to identify a gene, as was the case while developing Golden Rice [9]. In order to expedite this process, essay about gmo food, Monsanto has developed and patented a method known as seed chipping [8].
Through this method Monsanto shaves off parts of seeds for high-throughput genetic sequencing while leaving the rest of the seeds viable for planting. This creates a genetic database for plants before they are even grown, where a barcode system is used to match plants to their essay about gmo food. Researchers may then use this database to identify new traits of interest as well as to optimize essay about gmo food desirable traits in a crop by selecting for the best genotypes based on plant phenotypes.
Step 3: Insert the desired genetic trait into a new genome Altering the genome of plant seeds is difficult due to their rigid structure. In biotechnology research it is common to genetically engineer bacteria to produce a desired protein. This is done by using enzymes to cut and paste a DNA strand of interest into a plasmid, which is a small, circular molecule of DNA [10]. Bacteria are then shocked using heat or electricity so that the cells accept the engineered plasmid. By modifying A.
First, the genotype of the organisms must be checked so that researchers are only propagating organisms in which the genome was modified correctly. Biotech companies invest large sums into keeping these plants alive and reproducing once they have been successfully created. The companies use special climate-controlled growth chambers, and biologists often check on the plants by hand to make sure that they are growing as expected [8].
GMO seeds often come with instructions on spacing and nutrition that result from these studies. The technological advancement from selective breeding to genetic engineering has opened up a large realm of possibilities for the future of our food.
As techniques for genetic engineering, such as new RNAi- and nuclease-based technologies that allow for direct modification of the genome see this article and this articlesteadily improve, our ability to create new GMOs will also grow [11].
As our scientific capabilities expand it is essential that we discuss the ethics and ideals surrounding GMOs so that we may effectively and safely use this technology in a way that is acceptable to the public. Table 1, essay about gmo food. Crops listed in order of relative abundance of genetically engineered crop consultations corn having the most consultations.
This article is part of the August Special Edition, Genetically Modified Organisms and Our Food. Food and Drug Administration. Food and Drug Administration, 22 June htm 2. Cossins, Daniel, essay about gmo food. BBC, 9 Mar. aspx 4. html 5. aspx 7. html 8. Boyle, Rebecca. Popular Science, 24 Jan. Paine, Jacqueline A. Shipton, Sunandha Chaggar, Rhian M. Howells, Mike J. Kennedy, Gareth Vernon, Susan Y. Wright, Edward Hinchliffe, Jessica L. Adams, Aron L. Silverstone, and Rachel Drake.
BBC, Hsu, Patrick D. Lander, essay about gmo food, and Feng Zhang. FDA, essay about gmo food, 30 June Jules why do you have to be so rude?
Your rudeness is gross, take a chill pill and work on your soul. I would love to be a genetic engineer and create something new. They say that gmo is bad for you tho. Farmers now only grow that corn. Gene gun? Gene guns are not fake—Wikipedia has a pretty good description of what a gene gun is. Study only conducted on a certain topic but I have seen similar research on other fields of study concluding similar things…. This is really amazing! My Biology teacher made us read this article, and it was much more interesting than I thought it would be, essay about gmo food.
Actually Why though? i like fig newtons but sadly there named after a town in massachusetts and not after the scientist. Would be interesting to share what you think in term of impacts on health when eating those GMOs? Other that website is extremely Essay about gmo food to me keep up the good work.
You have a typo in step 3 of the diagram, it should be insert not inset. Thanks for the simple explanation though. I expect these comments to be a little more scholarly, as of now I am unimpressed. You all fail in life and on here.
CreativeName you must only judge if you are perfect, in case you didnt know it will never happen. So keep working on yourself. Thank you for posting this Article, this has very much helped me with my project in my science class. Thanks for your article, essay about gmo food.
It was very helpful for me in breaking down the steps for GMO for a project in my Biology Class. therefore we can conclude that Harvard has copied Wikipedia you have modified the definition without giving credit to Wikipedia. get exposed. It makes me wanna do a flip off my favorite building in new york and not land it. Your email address will not be published.
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GMO - Video Essay
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