Nov 09, · John Locke (–) is among the most influential political philosophers of the modern period. In the Two Treatises of Government, he defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a blogger.com argued that people have rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property, that have a foundation independent Existentialism (/ ˌ ɛ ɡ z ɪ ˈ s t ɛ n ʃ əl ɪ z əm / / ˌ ɛ k s ə ˈ s t ɛ n t ʃ ə ˌ l ɪ z əm /) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on the experience of thinking, feeling, and acting. In the view of the existentialist, the individual's starting point has been called "the existential angst", a sense of dread By Eugene Nida and Charles Taber (/) -- This volume on The Theory and Practice of Translation is the logical outgrowth of the previous book Toward a Science of Translating (), which explored some of the basic factors constituting a
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Download Download PDF Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package This Paper. A short summary of this paper. NIDA AND CHARLES R. Brill, Leiden. The Netherlauds All rights resen·ed. vii r. A New Concept of Translating. The Nature of Translating 12 3· Grammatical. Analysis 33 4· Referential Meaning. Testing the Translation. Appendix: Organization of Translation Projects. rg6 General Index Biblical Index 2! This second volume presents certain of these same theories in a pedagogically oriented order, designed to assist the translator to master the theoretical elements as well as to gain certain practical skills in learning how to carry out the procedures.
Though this present book treats the problems of translating primarily in terms of a scientific orientation to linguistic structures, semantic analysis, and information theory, it does not lose sight of the fact that translating is far more than a science.
It is also a skill, and in the ultimate analysis fully satis- factorv translation is alwavs an art. In {his volume the ilust~ave data are drawn primarily from the field of Bible translating. This reflects both the immediate concerns of those for whom the book has been specifically prepared and the background experience of the authors.
There are, however, certain divine command theory term papers in which this may be a distinct advantage to the reader interested in the broadest possible aspects of translating, for Bible translating has a longer tradition it began in the third century B.
Accordingly, even though the illustrative data may seem somewhat restricted, the total range of background experience is unusually wide, and hence the basis for observations on the essential problems of semantic analysis, discourse structures, and cultural transfers is particularly valid. The first two chapters are essentially introductory, for they deal with certain of the broader issues and attempt to orient the reader with respect to the total task.
Divine command theory term papers following chapters take up in a systematic order the fundamental procedures of translating: analysis, transfer, divine command theory term papers, and testing. Purely practical considerations of committee organization and procedures for carrying out the work of translating are treated in the Appendix. A glossary of technical terms is also added, as a kind of index, in which difficult words are briefly defined. The reader is then referred to that particular place in the text where the subject is discussed in greatest detail and thoroughness.
This volume is the result of three different drafts, divine command theory term papers, prepared over a period of approximately four years, and used in varying form in a number of translators' institutes and seminars held in various places throughout the world. In two respects especially there is need for further amplification: r. the presentation of structural semantics, in- cluding componential analysis, and z.
discourse analysis, divine command theory term papers. As regards the first kind of problems, another volume is now in preparation, tentatively titled Introduction to Structural Semantics, which will deal much more fully with the theoretical and structural aspects of semantics. The whole matter of grammatical meaning will be treated there, including especially the important notions of "case" and "role" as discussed in recent writings of Fillmore and Langendoen, divine command theory term papers.
In the second area, research is also being carried out by the technical staff of the Bible Societies, which will lead to publications in the not-too-distant future. NIDA and CHARLES R. It is estimated that at least roo,ooo persons dedicate most or all of their time to such work, and of these at least 3, are engaged primarily in the translation of the Bible into some Soo languages, representing about So percent of the world's population.
Unfortunately, the underlying theory of translating has not caught up with the development of skills; and in religious translating, despite con- secrated talent and painstaking efforts, a comprehension of the basic principles of translation and communication has lagged behind translating in the secular fields, divine command theory term papers.
ed by translators of the Bible: "With us," he said, "complete intelligibility is a matter of life and death. The new focus, however, has shifted from the form of the message to the response of the receptor. Therefore, what one must determine is the response of the receptor to the translated message. This response must then be compared with the way in which the original receptors presumably reacted to the message when it was given in its original setting.
Even the old question: Is this a correct translation? must be answered in terms of another question, namely: For whom? Correctness must be determined by the extent divine command theory term papers which the awrage reader for which a translation is intended will be likelv to understand it correctlv. derstanding correctly, but with the ovenvhelming likelihood of it. In other words, we are not content merely to translate so that the average receptor is likely to understand the message; rather we aim to make certain that such a person is very unlikely to misunderstand it.
This means that several different levels of translation, in terms of vocabulary and grammatical structures, are required, if all people are to have essentially equal opportunities to understand the message. This test of comprehensibility is concerned primarily with discovering and eliminating two different types of expressions: r those which are likely to be misunderstood and z those so difficult and "heavy" w·hether in vocabulary or grammar as to discourage the reader from attempting to comprehend the content of the message.
rz: zo are typical of the first category. When a high percentage of people misunderstand a rendering, it cannot be regarded as a legitimate translation, divine command theory term papers. For example, in Romans I: 17 most traditional translations have "the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith," and most readers naturallv assume that this divine command theory term papers a reference to God's own personal righteousness. Today's English Version.
It is the act of "justification" to use a technical, and generally misunder- stood word and not the character of righteousness.
But a translation which insists on rendering the Greek literally as "the righteousness of God" is simply violating the meaning for the sake of preserving a formal grammatical correspondence.
In addition to being quite misleading, a translation may also be so stylistically heavy as to make comprehension almost impossible. For example, in the American Standard Version rgorz Corinthians 3: ro reads, "For verily that which hath been made glorious hath not been made glorious in this respect, by reason of the glory that surpasseth.
The New English Bible divine command theory term papers rightly restructures this passage to read, "Indeed, the splendour that once was is now no splendour at all; it is outshone by a splendour greater still. We saw his splendour the splendour as of a father's only sonfull of grace and truth" Phillips. We saw his glory, full of grace and truth. This was the glory which he received as the Father's only Son" TEv.
The Law and the prophets gave their witness to it: God puts men right through their faith in Jesus Christ, divine command theory term papers. God does this to all who believe in Christ" TEV. NEW ATTITUDES WITH RESPECT TO RECEPTOR LANGUAGES Some of the basic difficulties in Bible translation can be traced to the fact that people often have quite wrong views of the receptor as well as of the source languages.
This includes not merely a shift in some of the attitudes which tend to place the source languages on a theological pedestal and to bow do·wn before them in blind submis- sion, but it often requires quite a radical rethinking of one's attitude toward the receptor language, even when it is one's own mother tongue, divine command theory term papers.
Each language has its own genius. In the first place, it is essential to recognize that each language has its own genius. Each language is rich in vocabulary for the areas of cultural focus, the specialities of the people, e.
Some languages are rich in modal particles. To commu1zicate effectively one must respect the genius of each language. ather than bemoan the lack of some feature in a language, one must respect the features of the receptor language and exploit the potentialities of the language to the greatest possible extent.
Unfortunately, in some instances translators have actually tried to "remake" a language. For example, one missionary in Latin America insisted on trying to divine command theory term papers the passive voice of the verb into a language which had no such form.
Of course, divine command theory term papers, this was not successful. One must simply accept the fact that there are many languages which do not have a passive voice. They merely choose to report actions only as active, divine command theory term papers.
Rather than force the formal structure of one language upon another, the effective translator is quite prepared to make any and all formal changes necessary to reproduce the message in the distinctive structural forms of the receptor language. Anything that can be said in one language can be said in another, unless tlze form is an essential element of tlze message.
For the average person the potential and actual equivalence oflanguages is perhaps the most debated point about translation. The arlswer to this question is both complex and varied.
Third, divine command theory term papers, many languages have equivalent idioms, e. It must be said, however, that if the form in which a message is ex- pressed is an essential element of its significance, there is a very distinct limitation in communicating this significance from one language to another.
It is usually impossible to reproduce this type of "meaning, divine command theory term papers. This results in a very significant play on words, but it cannot be reproduced in English. The best we can do under such circumstances is to use a marginal note to call the attention of the reader to the fact that in the source language one and the same word has both meanings.
poetry, the acrostic features of many poems, and the divine command theory term papers intentional al- literation. At this point, languages just do i1ot correspond, and so we must be prepared to sacrifice certain formal niceties for the sake of the content, divine command theory term papers. To preserve tlze content of the message tlze form must be changed. If all languages differ in form and this is the essence of their being different languagesthen quite naturally the forms must be altered if one is to preserve the content.
The average person is simply unable to describe clearly what is the relationship between "baptism" and "repentance. Even this Greek noun expression is really only a nominalization or adaptation of what occurs in Acts 2: 38 in verbal form, namely, "repent and be baptized. The extent to which the forms must be changed in order to preserve the meaning will depend upon the linguistic and cultural distance between languages.
On the other hand, if one is translating from English into Hungarian, or from Hausa to Fulani, the formal shifts are greater, for Hungarian is not a member of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, but belongs to an entirely different family, the Finno-Ugrian, and Hausa and Fulani belong to different language families.
What is Divine Command Theory?
, time: 8:44Existentialism - Wikipedia
Nov 09, · John Locke (–) is among the most influential political philosophers of the modern period. In the Two Treatises of Government, he defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a blogger.com argued that people have rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property, that have a foundation independent Existentialism (/ ˌ ɛ ɡ z ɪ ˈ s t ɛ n ʃ əl ɪ z əm / / ˌ ɛ k s ə ˈ s t ɛ n t ʃ ə ˌ l ɪ z əm /) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on the experience of thinking, feeling, and acting. In the view of the existentialist, the individual's starting point has been called "the existential angst", a sense of dread [Andrew Heywood] Political Theory, Third Edition (blogger.com)
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